April 2nd is World Autism Day, and since we work with many adults with diverse diagnoses, we wanted to shed some light on neurodivergent conditions like Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and how they’re commonly misunderstood. You probably know plenty of neurodivergent people and don’t even realize it, or maybe you’ll see some of your own traits in this blog! The term neurodivergent is an umbrella term that describes people who have different neurological abilities from those who are considered “typical” (though we don’t love that terminology since everyone’s brains are wildly different from one another!), which includes both ADHD and ASD. These conditions, though widely recognized, are often surrounded by misconceptions that can lead to stigma and alienation.
What is Neurodivergence?
Neurodivergence refers to the natural variations in how the human brain functions and processes information. Neurodivergent individuals may experience differences in cognition, attention, social interaction, and sensory processing compared to neurotypical individuals.
Understanding Autism
Autism, or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is a complex developmental condition characterized by challenges with social communication and interaction, as well as restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. Autism is a spectrum disorder, meaning it manifests differently in each individual, ranging from mild to severe. The traits of the autism spectrum can be categorized by communication/social traits, and behavioral traits. Some of those traits are as follows:
Communication and Social Traits
Pragmatic Language – Some individuals on the autism spectrum have difficulty communicating with other people. They may struggle understanding social cues that seem to come more naturally to neurotypical individuals. They might be very direct or literal in a situation that calls for nuance.
Eye Contact and Nonverbal Communication – Poor and avoidance of eye contact are common symptoms among those with autism. Other non-verbal communication difficulties may include recognizing and using facial expressions, physical gestures, and overall body language.
Tone of Voice – Some people with autism may have difficulty regulating or modulating their tone of voice. As a result, they may speak too loudly, too quietly, and/or with a monotone voice that may not feel like it fits with the subject or situation.
Behavioral Traits
Repetitive Behaviors – Many people with autism may perform the same behaviors repetitively, called stimming. This may include listening to the same song on repeat, repeating words, sounds, or body movements, or chewing on things. They may also play with toys or other objects in unusual ways, such as spinning coins tirelessly and repeatedly flipping light switches.
Ritualistic Behaviors – This may include eating the same foods at every meal or watching the same videos over and over again. They may even become quite upset at any slight changes in plans.
Self-Injury – Some individuals on the autism spectrum may bang their head against the ground or wall, bite their hands, or excessively rub or scratch their skin when agitated.
Misconception #1: All autistic individuals are alike and exhibit the same behaviors.
Autism is a spectrum, and no two autistic individuals are exactly alike. While some may have difficulty with verbal communication and social interaction, others may excel in specific areas such as pattern recognition or attention to detail. There are many high functioning children and adults who could be diagnosed with autism. Sometimes they receive a diagnosis in adulthood, like Playboy Bunny Holly Madison recently did, and it helps them understand some of their own behaviors and interactions better. Sometimes they are never formally diagnosed but learn to use coping skills based on their interaction histories, like leaning into routines and repetition to stay organized and focused.
Misconception #2: Autistic individuals lack empathy or emotional depth.
Contrary to this belief, autistic individuals can experience a wide range of emotions and demonstrate empathy in their own unique ways. Challenges with social communication may make it difficult for them to express empathy conventionally, but they often possess a deep understanding of others' emotions.
Understanding ADHD
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties with attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Contrary to popular belief, ADHD is not solely a disorder of childhood; it can persist into adulthood and impact various aspects of life, including education, work, and relationships.
There are three main types of ADHD that can be diagnosed, which present with a variety of symptoms. The three types are as follows:
Predominantly Inattentive Presentation (ADHD-PI):
Individuals with predominantly inattentive ADHD primarily struggle with maintaining attention and focus. They may have difficulty organizing tasks, following through on instructions, and sustaining mental effort for extended periods. Key descriptors of predominantly inattentive ADHD include:
Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities
Frequently making careless mistakes in schoolwork or other tasks, even when they’re trying very hard
Struggling to listen when directly spoken to, even though they care about what is being said
Difficulty organizing tasks and activities to know where to begin
Avoiding or disliking tasks that require sustained mental effort
Often losing necessary items such as school supplies, books, or tools
Easily distracted by extraneous stimuli
Forgetfulness in daily activities
Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation (ADHD-PH):
Individuals with predominantly hyperactive-impulsive ADHD exhibit high levels of physical activity and impulsivity. They may struggle with sitting still, waiting their turn, and controlling their impulses. Key descriptors of predominantly hyperactive-impulsive ADHD include:
Fidgeting or squirming frequently, even when seated
Leaving their seat in situations where staying seated is expected, or bouncing their legs restlessly when forced to stay seated
Running or climbing excessively in inappropriate situations
Difficulty engaging in quiet activities
Often talking excessively
Difficulty waiting their turn
Frequently interrupting or intruding on others' conversations or activities
Acting impulsively without considering consequences
Combined Presentation (ADHD-C):
The combined presentation of ADHD involves a combination of both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. Individuals with this subtype may experience difficulties with attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity across various situations.
Misconception #1: ADHD is just a lack of discipline or laziness.
This is one of the most harmful misconceptions about ADHD. In reality, ADHD is a complex neurological condition resulting from differences in brain structure and function. Individuals with ADHD may struggle with executive functions such as organization, time management, and impulse control, making it challenging to regulate their behavior and attention. People with ADHD aren’t lazy, their brains are just motivated by different things than neurotypical people.
Misconception #2: ADHD only affects boys and is overdiagnosed.
While ADHD is more commonly diagnosed in young boys, it affects people of all genders. Furthermore, underdiagnosis and misdiagnosis are significant concerns, particularly among girls and adults, because the manifestation is often more internal than external. In young boys, ADHD often looks like hyperactivity, disruptiveness, and impulsivity in the classroom, leading to disciplinary actions. In young girls, ADHD often looks like spending hours trying to complete a task that takes others minutes out of a self-flagellating belief that they're not trying hard enough, creating intricate systems to manage time and tasks, or an inattentiveness that is seen as flighty or daydreaming when really it’s an inability to focus on all of the myriad tasks the brain is struggling to prioritize. ADHD manifests differently in each individual, and symptoms can vary widely, contributing to diagnostic challenges. Many people who are diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood find that they had been presenting these symptoms for a long time, but that their provider either didn’t have the complete picture, didn’t have a deep understanding of ADHD, or was focused on how some symptoms presented over others, missing the interaction that could lead to the correct diagnosis.
Breaking Down Stigma and Building Understanding
To foster more inclusive spaces, it's crucial to challenge these misconceptions and promote empathy and understanding towards neurodivergent individuals. Here are some ways we can contribute to breaking down stigma and building a more supportive environment:
Educate Yourself: Take the time to learn about neurodivergent conditions from credible sources and seek insights from neurodivergent individuals themselves. Understanding their experiences and perspectives is key to fostering empathy and acceptance.
Challenge Stereotypes: Speak out against stereotypes and misinformation surrounding ADHD and autism. Correct misconceptions when you encounter them and advocate for accurate representation in media and education.
Promote Neurodiversity: Embrace the concept of neurodiversity, which recognizes neurological differences as natural variations within the human population. Celebrate the unique strengths and talents of neurodivergent individuals, rather than focusing solely on challenges.
Create Inclusive Spaces: Foster inclusive environments in schools, workplaces, and communities where neurodivergent individuals feel valued and supported. Provide accommodations and resources to help them thrive.
By dispelling misconceptions and embracing neurodiversity, we can create a more inclusive society where all individuals, regardless of their neurological differences, are accepted and valued for who they are.
If you are struggling with any of the symptoms of misconceptions listed above, we’re here to help. You can reach out to us today to schedule a consultation with one of our clinicians who can help you understand what you’re going through and find solutions to your difficulties.